Applications and Use of Criteria and Other Tests

2011
7.1 Introduction
As discussed in Chap. 1, it is widely recognized that application of prerequisite programs at
preharvest,
harvest and postharvest level (e.g., Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Farming
Practices (GFP), Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), Good Hygiene Practices (GHP), Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMP), etc.) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) program
is the most effective food safety management strategy. Effective control of undesirable microorganisms

Genetic diversity and intervarietal relationships in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in Africa

Twelve African cultivars of Oryza sativa were sampled to examine the biological
significance of varietal classification based on isozyme studies. Analyses of F 1
hybrid sterility and of F 2 segregations showed good correspondence between
biochemical markers and observed reproductive barriers. Genetic markers for
some vegetative and reproductive traits were identified. Such linkages could be
involved in the relationships between classifications based on various criteria.
The variability in Africa of the Asian cultivated rice species Oryza sativa has been
described and analyzed with regard to isozymic polymorphism (Ghesquière and
Second 1983; de Kochko 1987, 1988) as well as agromorphological traits (Jacquot and
Arnaud 1979, Miezan and Ghesquière 1986). These studies have shown that the genetic
diversity of O. sativa in Africa is similar to that in Asia and that it is organized in two
main groups corresponding to the indica and japonica subspecies.
The indica-japonica distinction is partly based on the existence of reproductive
barriers among Asian cultivars of O. sativa (Oka 1988). It is thus important to know
if the indica-japonica distinction, maintained in Africa by enzymatic diversity, also
reflects differences in the genetic pool, as in Asia.
Materials and methods

Microbiological Testing in Customer–Supplier Relations

6.1 Introduction
The complete food chain from farm to fork is characterized by a sequence of supplier–customer
interfaces. These interfaces imply the establishment of contracts defining the requirements of the
customers with respect to their suppliers. These contracts also reflect the commitment of the supplier
to guarantee the delivery of goods in compliance with the agreed-upon requirements.
This sequence of interfaces plays an important role in fulfilling a Food Safety Objective (FSO) at
the level of the final consumer as defined by public health authorities. As shown in Fig. 6.1, individual

How was rice differentiated into indica and japonica?

The evolutionary dynamics of the indica-japonica differentiation was studied from
the viewpoint of population genetics. Indica and japonica are distinguished by
genes and characters associated with each other nonrandomly. In indica/japonica
hybrid progenies, the same direction of gene and character association found
among the cultivars was generally observed. This means a trend toward the
restriction of recombination among several independent loci. Accordingly, intermediate
types between indica and japonica are relatively infrequent, even if natural
hybridization occurs frequently between them. lndicas and japonicas are isolated
by the restriction of recombination in the hybrids.

Corrective Actions to Reestablish Control

5.1 Introduction
The primary goal of a food safety system is to prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards to the extent
feasible by existing technology. Food safety systems are based on knowledge of the potential hazards
that can occur in food operations, through the process of hazard analysis. Control measures are then
selected and applied to ensure the food will comply with requirements established by the manufacturer,
customers and control authorities. It is in the interest of manufacturers to produce foods that
consumers can rely upon as being safe.
Many countries require food safety systems that incorporate the principles of Good Hygiene
Practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) programs (Codex Alimentarius

Screening and analysis of wide compatibility loci in wide crosses of rice

With indica and japonica testers to screen out wide compatibility types, a number
of varieties seemed to be indicas but differed from them by showing semisterility
in crosses with Ketan Nangka, a donor of the wide compatibility allele (neutral
allele). Another varietal group showed good fertility with indica and japonica
testers, but revealed sterility in crosses with Ketan Nangka. Thus, Ketan Nangka
is suggested as a standard variety, along with the aus varieties, which show semisterility
in crosses with indica and japonica testers but normal fertility with most
aus varieties. A set of four varieties—Achar Bhog, Ketan Nangka, IR36, and a
japonica type—is proposed as standard testers for hybrid sterility. F 1 hybrid
sterility in rice is understood with allelic interactions at the S-5 locus. With the
identification system for S-5, a large number of crosses were made to test the
extent to which the neutral allele at the S-5 locus is effective. Hybrid sterility in
Penuh Baru II and aus varieties, which is not explained by the testers for S-5, was
found to be due to an additional locus rather than to a new allele. The neutral
allele at the S-5 locus can now be effectively used, but a new neutral allele
indicated by Dular would also be important in rice breeding.

Verification of Environmental Control

 4.1 Introduction
The microbiological safety of industrially manufactured foods is based on the effective design and
implementation of Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
(HACCP).
Published case studies demonstrate the impact of postprocess contamination (ICMSF 2002). Even
when strict control at all CCPs ensures destruction or reduction of pathogens to acceptable levels
during processing, foods may become contaminated during subsequent processing and handling. Such